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African Americans and American Jews have interacted throughout much of the history of the United States. This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, and—since the 1970s—has been an area of significant academic research.〔Greenberg, pp. 1–3〕〔Webb, p. xii〕〔Forman, pp. 1–2〕 The most significant aspect of the relationship was the cooperation during the civil rights movement, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. But the relationship has also been marred by conflict and controversy involving subjects such as the Black Power movement, Zionism, affirmative action, and alleged dominance of Jews in the slave trade. ==Early 20th century== Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) was an early promoter of pan-Africanism and African redemption, and led the Universal Negro Improvement Association. His push to celebrate Africa, the original homeland of African-Americans, led many Jews to compare Garvey to leaders of Zionism.〔Hill, Robert A., "Black Zionism: Marcus Garvey and the Jewish Question", in Franklin, pp. 40–53〕 One example of the parallels between pan-Africanism and Zionism was that Garvey wanted WWI peace negotiators to turn over former German colonies in southwest Africa to blacks.〔 But Garvey also regularly wrote columns in his newspaper ''Negro World'' that criticized Jews for trying to destroy the black population of America.〔Friedman, Saul S., 1999, ''Jews and the American Slave Trade'', pp. 1–2〕 The widely publicized lynching of Leo Frank, a Jew, in Georgia in 1915 by a mob of southerners caused many Jews to "become acutely conscious of the similarities and differences between themselves and blacks" and accelerated the sense of solidarity between Jews and blacks,〔Diner, p. 3.〕 but the trial also pitted Jews against blacks because Frank's defense attorneys tried to ascribe guilt to a black janitor, Jim Conley, and called Conley a "dirty, filthy, black, drunken, lying, nigger."〔Melnick, Jeffrey (2000). ''Black–Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South'' Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 61.〕 Jim Conley is now believed by many historians to be the real murderer.〔For example: *(Lindemann 1992, p. 254 ): "The best evidence now available indicates that the real murderer of Mary Phagan was Jim Conley, perhaps because she, encountering him after she left Frank's office, refused to give him her pay envelope, and he, in a drunken stupor, killed her to get it. *Woodward 1963, p. 435: "The city police, publicly committed to the theory of Frank's guilt, and hounded by the demand for a conviction, resorted to the basest methods in collecting evidence. A Negro suspect (), later implicated by evidence overwhelmingly more incriminating than any produced against Frank, was thrust aside by the cry for the blood of the 'Jew Pervert.'"〕 In the early 20th century, Jewish daily and weekly publications were preoccupied with violence against blacks, and often compared the anti-black violence in the South to pogroms—this preoccupation was motivated by principles of justice, and by a desire to change racist policies in United States.〔Diner, Hasia R. "Drawn Together by Self-Interest", in Franklin, pp. 27–39.〕 During the first few decades of the 20th century, the leaders of American Jewry expended time, influence and their economic resources for black endeavors—civil rights, philanthropy, social service, organizing—and historian Hasia Diner notes that "they made sure that their actions were well publicized" as part of an effort to demonstrate increasing Jewish political clout.〔Diner, p. 237〕 Julius Rosenwald was a Jewish philanthropist who donated a large part of his fortune to supporting education of blacks in the south.〔Friedman, Saul, ''Jews and the American Slave Trade'', p. 14〕 Jews played a major role in the founding of the NAACP, which was founded in 1909. Jews involved in the NAACP included Joel Elias Spingarn (the first chairman), Arthur B. Spingarn, Henry Moskowitz, and—more recently—Jack Greenberg.〔Kaufman, p. 2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「African American–Jewish relations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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